تنظیم و کالیراسیون pH میتر




JULY 23 - 25, 2013
Calgary Telus Convention Centre
Calgary, Alberta
http://www.oilsandstechnologies.com/index.html






| 3- 6
June 2012, Milan CISAP5 5th International Conference on Safety and Environment in Process & Power Industry |
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| 24-27
June 2012, Palermo IBIC2012 3rd International Conference on Industrial Biotechnology |
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| 12-14
September 2012, Rome BOSICON 3rd International Conference on Contaminated Sites Remediation |
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| 23-26
September 2012, Palermo NOSE2012 International Conference on Environmental Odour Monitoring & Control |
http://www.cdmc.org.cn/gas2012/register.asp
http://www.spe.org/events/natc/2012/

http://www.spe.org/events/poce/2012/
Pathways to the Future
June 3 - 5, 2012
Delta Lodge at Kananaskis ♦ Kananaskis, Alberta
On the surface it appears that the world economies have successfully recovered from the 2008 recession, but, the view of the future is at best like standing at a crossroads. Which way to go? Each road carries risks and rewards. The threat of a double-dip recession still lingers, the shale gas revolution continues unabated, the emergence of shale oil as a second energy revolution is starting to percolate, and the ever present political offerings are all elements that contribute to an unclear future.
Registration Fees$1195.00+GST = $1254.75 (CAD) before May 18, 2012
$1395.00+GST = $1464.75 (CAD) after May 18, 2012
Corporate Rate
$1095.00+GST = $1149.75 (CAD) per person when registering three or more delegates at one time.
GST No.: R121461313
Payment can be made in US dollars, contact your bank for an exchange rate.
Online registration and housing are now available
http://www.otcnet.org/2012

http://www.airqualityconference.org/

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The Global Congress on Process Safety is the largest gathering of safety professionals in the world. Join us in April, 2012 at the 8th Global Congress on Process Safety, and explore new ways to avoid incidents, manage risk, ensure plant safety and strengthen your process safety management programs.
Keynote Presentation: MICHAEL J. DOLAN
Senior Vice President, ExxonMobil Corporation
"Process Safety and Corporate Responsibility"
This year’s Congress is composed of the three complementary symposia: The Loss Prevention Symposium, The CCPS International Conference, and The Process Plant Safety Symposium along with a new Process Safety Management Mentoring conference aimed at young professionals. Additional sessions have also been added to provide a forum for Process Safety for Small Scale Production and International Perspectives with papers presented by Latin American authors (in Spanish and Portuguese) and by Chinese authors (in English).
The Program will include the following tracks and sessions. Click here to see the technical grid for the Global Congress.
27th Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) International Conference
46th Loss Prevention Symposium
14th Process Plant Safety Symposium
o Process Safety Management Mentoring - PSM² – Introducing Process Safety Elements to Young Professionals
o Process Safety for Small-Scale Production and Internatonal Perspectives
Luncheon speakers from the Defense Nuclear Safety Board, Air Products and Larkin Communication Consulting
Lodging information: Hilton Americas Houston
For questions on the GCPS please contact: Trey Morrison, 2012 Global Congress Chair
GCPSchair@aiche.org
Additional information: Laura Turci, GCPS Manager, Tel: +1.646.495.1372 lautu@aiche.org
ONLINE REGISTRATION IS NOW OPEN
http://www.aiche.org/conferences/2012/Upstream.aspx







سومین کنفرانس تخصصی ترمو دینامیک ایران با هدف تبادل تجربیات تحقیقاتی و اطلاعاتی دانشگاهها ، موسسات پژوهشی و مراکز صنعتی به میزبانی دانشکده فنی دانشگاه گیلان در مهر ماه 1390 برگزار خواهد شد.
برگزاري مجمع عمومي شركت و پيام تقدير مديرعامل پتروشیمی اراک از همكاران
مجمع عمومي عادي ساليانه شركت پتروشيمي شازند برگزار شد.
مجمع عمومي عادي ساليانه شركت پتروشيمي شازند ساعت 15 روز چهارشنبه 21/2/90 در محل سالن همايش هاي رازي دانشگاه علوم پزشكي ايران واقع در تهران بزرگراه شهيد همت جنب برج ميلاد برگزار شد.
در اين مجمع كه با حضور بيش از 94 درصد سهامداران و نمايندگان آنها برگزار شد آقايان اكبريه نماينده شركت سرمايه گذاري گروه توسعه ملي به عنوان رئيس مجمع ،خالق نماينده شركت صنايع شيميايي و پتروشيميايي تامين و فروغي نماينده صندوق بازنشستگي كشوري به عنوان ناظرين ، علي اكبري نماينده شركت پتروشيمي شازند و خانم مازيار نماينده بورس اوراق بهادار به عنوان اعضاي هيئت رئيسه مجمع انتخاب شدند.
در ابتداي مراسم پس از تلاوت آيات كلام ا... مجيد و سرود مقدس جمهوري اسلامي آقاي قريشي رئيس هيئت مديره شركت پتروشيمي شازند با عرض خير مقدم به حاضرين جلسه مجمع را آغاز نمودند و سپس مهندس محمدي بوساري مدير عامل گزارش عملكرد هيئت مديره شركت در سال 1389 را ارائه نمودند و گزارش بازرس قانوني شركت در خصوص صورت هاي مالي منتهي به 29/12/89 توسط نماينده حسابرس قانوني شركت ( موسسه تدوين و همكاران ) قرائت شد و پس از پاسخگويي به سؤالات و ارائه نظرات سهامداران در زمينه هاي مختلف رأي گيري در خصوص دستور جلسه به عمل آمد و علاوه بر تصويب صورت هاي مالي مربوط به سال مالي منتهي به 29/12/89 موارد ذيل نيز به تصويب مجمع رسيد:
• اعضاي حقوقي هيئت مديره ابقاء شدند ( 5 عضو حقوقي هيئت مديره عبارتند از: شركت سرمايه گذاري گروه توسعه ملي- شركت سرمايه گذاري توسعه ملي – شركت سرمايه گذاري صنايع شيميايي و پتروشيميايي تامين- صندوق بازنشستگي كشوري و شركت مديريت توسعه نگاه پويا
• موسسه حسابرسي تدوين و همكاران مجدداً به عنوان حسابرس و بازرس قانوني شركت انتخاب شد.
• روزنامه اطلاعات به عنوان روزنامه رسمي شركت انتخاب شد.
• مقرر شد 90 درصد EPS معادل حدود 650 ريال به عنوان سود هر سهم بين سهامداران توزيع گردد.
با توجه به برگزاري موفقيت آميز مجمع عمومي عادي ساليانه شركت، مهندس محمدي بوساري مدير عامل طي پيامي از تمامي همكاران تلاشگر در بخش هاي مختلف شركت از جمله بخش هاي مديريتي، ستادي و عملياتي قدرداني و تشكر نمودند.
کتاب طراحی فلر منتشر شد ....
انتشارات اندیشه سرا

List of Chemical Engineering magazines and journals:
Chemical Engineering Magazine
Chemical Engineering Journal
Chemical Engineering Progress
Hydrocarbon processing
Chemical and petroleum engineering
Petroleum Chemistry: U.S.S.R
Petroleum engineer international
Chemical engineering education CEE
Chemical engineering & technology
Chemical engineering and processing
TCE the chemical engineer
Chemical technology
Theoretical foundations of chemical engineering
Chemical & metallurgical engineering
Minerals & metallurgical processing
Canadian journal of chemical engineering
Chemical and biochemical engineering quarterly
Chemical engineering journal and the biochemical engineering journal
Chemical engineering communications
Chemical engineering science
Chemical engineering research & design
Chemical engineering science
Oil & Gas Journal
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE) Journal
Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan
Chemical Week
Chemical market reporter
Chemistry and technology of fuels and oils
AIChE symposium series
Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE)
Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (ICHEME)
Chemical Engineering Progress symposium series
بیوگرافی شیلا خداداد:
شیلا خداداد
تاریخ تولد: 14 آبانماه 1359
محل تولد : تهران
در سینما ما معروف است که مسعود کمیایی به نوعی کاشف استعدادهای جوان است . این نکته جهت حضور ستارگان صاحب نامی که امروزه در سینمای ما جایگاه خاصی پیدا کرده اند ،کاملا هویدا است . تنها هدیه تهرانی و محمدرضا فروتن دو نمونه از این سوپر استار های دهه اخیر سینمای ما بوده اند که با کلید طلایی کمیایی وارد دنیای اعجاب انگیز سینما شدند و هر چند استارت اولیه همراه توسط یک کارگردان و یا تهیه کننده زده می شود اما مسئله اصلی نوع و نگاه بازیگر به هنر و مقوله بازیگری است که خود باعث ماندگاری و یا اوفل او می شود .
یکی از این استعدادهایی که نخستین بار در یکی از کارهای در خود توجه مسعود کمیایی فرصت حضور یافت شیلا خداد است . بازیگر جوان و مستعدی که بر خلاف ادعای بسیاری که علاقه مندی صرفشان به تئاتر قلمداد می کنند و مدعی خوردن خاک صحنه هستند ،کارش را بازی در فیلم های سینمایی شروع کرد ،بدون آن که پرونده ای از نقش های کوتاه از اپیزودهای تلویزیونی داشته باشد .
شیلا خداداد در 14 آبان ماه سال 1359 در تهران متولد شده و دارای مدرک مهندسی شیمی می باشد .
او اولین بار بازیگری را با بازی در فیلم اعتراض کیمیایی شروع کرد . اعتراض جولانگاه خوبی برای یک جوان با استعداد کم تجربه مانند شیلا بود و بازی در کنار کسانی چون داریوش ارجمند ،میترا حجار و محمد رضا فروتن تجربه خوبی برای او به شمار می رفت. مدتی بعد حمید لبخنده کارگردان معروف سریال در پناه تو که خود بازیگرانی چون پارسا پیروز فر و لیعا زنگنه را به سینمای ایران شناسانده بود برای فیلم جدیدش یعنی آبی در کنار هدیه تهرانی ،بهرام رادان و حسن جوهرچی از وجود شیلا خداداد بهره جست . شیلا در آبی نقش یک مادر جوان و بارداررا علی رغم سکانسهای محدود به خوبی ایفا کرد و همین مقدمه خوبی برای شناخته شدن وی در فیلم عیسی می آید علی ژکان تا در این فیلم هنرپیشه نقش اول زن باشد.
او در سال 82 در فیلم قلبهای نا آرام در نقش یک عروس به کارگردانی مجید مظفری و تهیه کنندگی امید نجیب زاده در نقش مقابل حمید خندان (خواننده) ظاهر شد اما فیلم به موفقیتی چندانی نرسید.


اگر وقت خود را صرف پرسه زدن بایك دسته بوقلمون كنید هیچ گاه با عقاب ها در آسمان اوج نخواهید گرفت

شرکت بزرگی که درایران فعالیت های بزرگی توی زمینه صنعت پتروشیمی و همکاری با تکنیپ داشته است...
The First Iranian Conference on Renewable Energies and Distributed Generation
با استعانت از درگاه خداوند متعال در سال اصلاح الگوی مصرف، دانشکده مهندسی دانشگاه بیرجند به منظور ایجاد بستری مناسب جهت تبادل نظر علمی و فنی و آشنایی با آخرین دستاوردها در زمینه منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر و تولید پراکنده، ارتقا، گسترش و بومی سازی دانش فنی استفاده از این منابع، اقدام به برگزاری اولین کنفرانس انرژی های تجدیدپذیر و تولید پراکنده ایران نموده است. از کلیه محققین ، دانش پژوهان، صنعتگران و دانشجویان محترم دعوت می شود تا با ارسال مقالات و دستاوردهای علمی خود به این کنفرانس ما را در این رویداد علمی یاری دهند. اطلاعات تکمیلی و چگونگی ارسال مقالات بزودی از طریق سایت دانشکده مهندسی و سایت کنفرانس اعلام خواهد شد. ح


under the auspices of:
Presidency of the
Council of the Ministers
and
Ministero dell'Ambiente e della tutela del Territorio e del Mare
Ministero degli Affari Esteri
Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico
Ministero del Lavoro, della Salute e delle politiche sociali
Ministero delle Politiche Agricole
Organized by
![]() |
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME CENTRO STUDI GALILEO |
![]() |
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E-mail: conference@centrogalileo.it |
THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES
IN AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION
THE NECESSARY CHANGES TO FACE THE GLOBAL CRISIS:
ENERGY ISSUES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NEW REFRIGERANTS, NEW EUROPEAN REGULATIONS:
NEW PLANTS - THE COLD CHAIN
12th- 13th June 2009
Politecnico of Milano
Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32 - Milano (Italy)
Last European Conference photos and
United Nations UNEP - ASHRAE agreement
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: ITALIAN - ENGLISH
SIMULTANEOUS TRANSLATION
With the participation of scientists and experts from:
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)GENERAL CHAIRMEN and PRESIDENTS OF EUROPEAN ASSOCIATIONS
RAJENDRA SHENDE Head
OzoneAction Programme United Nations
MARIANNE WENNING - THOMAS VERHEYE Head
European Commission, Unit Industrial Emissions
FEDERICA FRICANO - ALESSANDRO PERU
Ministry of Environment
GIOVANNA PICCARRETA
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
ENNIO MACCHI - GIOVANNI LOZZA - CESARE MARIA JOPPOLO
Politecnico of Milano
DIDIER COULOMB Director
ALBERTO CAVALLINI Honorary President
International Institute of Refrigeration (I.I.R.)
PATRICK ANTOINE President - ADRIANO MEARINI first Vice President
Association Française du Froid (A.F.F.)
LOUIS LUCAS President Conseil National du Froid - CNF
Honorary Director I.I.R.
WALID CHAKROUN Director
American Society Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
STEPHEN YUREK Senior Vice-President
Air-conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)
REX BOYNTON President
North American Technicians Excellence (NATE)
MARK LOWRY Vice-President
RSES (USA)
FRIEDRICH BUSH President
E.P.E.E. (Germany)
YANG YIFAN Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR)
GERHARD NEUHAUSER President
Air conditioning and Refrigeration European Association (AREA)
ALFREDO SACCHI President
Associazione dei Tecnici del Freddo (ATF)
DENIS CLODIC Deputy Director
Ecole des Mines
JACQUES GUILPART
Cemagref
GERALD CAVALIER
Cemafroid
PETER W. EGOLF
President Working Party on Magnetic Cooling - I.I.R.
HERMANN HALOZAN
Graz University of Technology, Austria
MARCO MASOERO
Politecnico of Torino
ANDREA DE LIETO VOLLARO - FRANCO GUGLIERMETTI -
University La Sapienza of Roma
PAOLO AMIRANTE
University of Bari
FRANCESCO ASDRUBALI
University of Perugia
SERGIO BOBBO - ROBERTO CAMPORESE
GIROLAMO PANOZZO
I.T.C. CNR Padova
FILIPPO DE ROSSI
Sannio University
GIUSEPPE PANNO
University of Palermo
FABIO POLONARA
University of Ancona
LUCA TAGLIAFICO
University of Genova

INVITED PRESIDENTS OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATIONS
P. Vemork (KELF - Norway), A. Zoltan (HRACA - Hungary), J. Reijmers, P. Tomlein (SZ CHKT - Slovakia) -
J. Hoogkamer, (NVKL - Netherlands), P. Bachmann (BIV - Germany), F.Braekke (KELF - Norway), L.Nordell (KYL - Sweden), J. Dobiasovsky (S CHKT - Czech Rep.), M. Stenzig (ANEFRYC - Spain), W. Stenzig (ANEFRYC - Spain), N. Mitchell (RACG - UK), R. Biffin (BRA/FETA - UK), S. Kerr (IRI - Ireland) - Ph Roy (SNEFCCA - France), E. Aalto (FREA - Finland), G. Michalski (KFC/NRF - Poland), J. Broz (S CHKT - Czech Rep.), G. Fox (RACG - UK), C. Sloan (BRA/FETA - UK), Lau Voers (AKB - Denmark)
WORKING TOGETHER WITH THE MAJOR EXPERTS TOWARDS
"THE FUTURE OF REFRIGERATION"

XIII EUROPEAN CONFERENCE
under the auspices of:
Presidency of the
Council of the Ministers
and
Ministero dell'Ambiente e della tutela del Territorio e del Mare
Ministero degli Affari Esteri
Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico
Ministero del Lavoro, della Salute e delle politiche sociali
Ministero delle Politiche Agricole
Organized by
![]() |
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME CENTRO STUDI GALILEO |
![]() |
|
E-mail: conference@centrogalileo.it |
THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES
IN AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION
THE NECESSARY CHANGES TO FACE THE GLOBAL CRISIS:
ENERGY ISSUES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NEW REFRIGERANTS, NEW EUROPEAN REGULATIONS:
NEW PLANTS - THE COLD CHAIN
12th- 13th June 2009
Politecnico of Milano
Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32 - Milano (Italy)
Last European Conference photos and
United Nations UNEP - ASHRAE agreement
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: ITALIAN - ENGLISH
SIMULTANEOUS TRANSLATION
With the participation of scientists and experts from:
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)GENERAL CHAIRMEN and PRESIDENTS OF EUROPEAN ASSOCIATIONS
RAJENDRA SHENDE Head
OzoneAction Programme United Nations
MARIANNE WENNING - THOMAS VERHEYE Head
European Commission, Unit Industrial Emissions
FEDERICA FRICANO - ALESSANDRO PERU
Ministry of Environment
GIOVANNA PICCARRETA
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
ENNIO MACCHI - GIOVANNI LOZZA - CESARE MARIA JOPPOLO
Politecnico of Milano
DIDIER COULOMB Director
ALBERTO CAVALLINI Honorary President
International Institute of Refrigeration (I.I.R.)
PATRICK ANTOINE President - ADRIANO MEARINI first Vice President
Association Française du Froid (A.F.F.)
LOUIS LUCAS President Conseil National du Froid - CNF
Honorary Director I.I.R.
WALID CHAKROUN Director
American Society Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
STEPHEN YUREK Senior Vice-President
Air-conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)
REX BOYNTON President
North American Technicians Excellence (NATE)
MARK LOWRY Vice-President
RSES (USA)
FRIEDRICH BUSH President
E.P.E.E. (Germany)
YANG YIFAN Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR)
GERHARD NEUHAUSER President
Air conditioning and Refrigeration European Association (AREA)
ALFREDO SACCHI President
Associazione dei Tecnici del Freddo (ATF)
DENIS CLODIC Deputy Director
Ecole des Mines
JACQUES GUILPART
Cemagref
GERALD CAVALIER
Cemafroid
PETER W. EGOLF
President Working Party on Magnetic Cooling - I.I.R.
HERMANN HALOZAN
Graz University of Technology, Austria
MARCO MASOERO
Politecnico of Torino
ANDREA DE LIETO VOLLARO - FRANCO GUGLIERMETTI -
University La Sapienza of Roma
PAOLO AMIRANTE
University of Bari
FRANCESCO ASDRUBALI
University of Perugia
SERGIO BOBBO - ROBERTO CAMPORESE
GIROLAMO PANOZZO
I.T.C. CNR Padova
FILIPPO DE ROSSI
Sannio University
GIUSEPPE PANNO
University of Palermo
FABIO POLONARA
University of Ancona
LUCA TAGLIAFICO
University of Genova

INVITED PRESIDENTS OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATIONS
P. Vemork (KELF - Norway), A. Zoltan (HRACA - Hungary), J. Reijmers, P. Tomlein (SZ CHKT - Slovakia) -
J. Hoogkamer, (NVKL - Netherlands), P. Bachmann (BIV - Germany), F.Braekke (KELF - Norway), L.Nordell (KYL - Sweden), J. Dobiasovsky (S CHKT - Czech Rep.), M. Stenzig (ANEFRYC - Spain), W. Stenzig (ANEFRYC - Spain), N. Mitchell (RACG - UK), R. Biffin (BRA/FETA - UK), S. Kerr (IRI - Ireland) - Ph Roy (SNEFCCA - France), E. Aalto (FREA - Finland), G. Michalski (KFC/NRF - Poland), J. Broz (S CHKT - Czech Rep.), G. Fox (RACG - UK), C. Sloan (BRA/FETA - UK), Lau Voers (AKB - Denmark)
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The New Approach and European standardisation have contributed significantly to the development of the Single Market. The success of the European standardisation system, in removing technical barriers to trade, has played a vital role in ensuring the free movement of goods between Member States. | ||||
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Information on the New Approach legislation is available in the Guide to the Implementation of Directives based on New Approach and Global Approach. | ||||
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اگر شما حرکت نکنید خداوند شما را به عذابی دردناک عذاب می کند و گروه دیگری را بجای شما می آورد و شما هیچ ضرری به او نتوانید رساند و خدا بر هر چیزی تواناست.
سوره توبه - آیه 39
OLEFINS
Olefins are the basic building blocks for many chemical syntheses. These
unsaturated materials enter into polymers, rubbers, and plastics, and react to
form a wide variety of chemical compounds such as alcohols, amines, chlorides
and oxides.
Steam Cracking is the thermal crachg and reforming of hydrocarbons in
the presence of steam at high temperature, short contact time, and rather low
pressure in a fired tubular furnace. From the standpoint of both the amount and
variety of compounds produced, steam cracking of gas oils and naphthas is one
of the most important petroleum process for producing a wide range of chemical
raw materials. Ethane and propane cracking are used widely by others but
relatively few products other than ethylene result.
In a typical gas oil design, the lighter products overhead from the quench
tower/primary fractionator are compressed to 210 psi, and cooled to about
100°F. Some C, plus material is recovered from the compressor knockout
drums. The gases are ethanolamine and caustic washed to remove acid gases:
sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide, and then desiccant dried to remove last
traces of water. This is to prevent ice and hydrate formation in the low
temperature section downstream.
In the depropanizer tower the propane and lighter gases are taken overhead
to become feed to the ethylene and propylene recovery facilities. Separation is
accomplished at a relatively low overhead temperature of -25 "F to minimize
reboiler fouling by olefin polymerization.
Butane and heavier bottoms from the depropanizer flow to the debutanizer
where the C, stream (almost entirely olefins and diolefins) is taken overhead and
sent to butadiene and isobutylene recovery facilities.
Depending upon the refinery needs, the raw C, plus steam cracked naphtha
may be sent to isoprene extraction, treated to remove gum forming diolefins and
sent to the refinery gasoline pool, or else completely hydrogenated and then fed
to an aromatics extraction unit.
The principal function of the ethylene recovery facilities is to recover high
purity ethylene (Figure 2). Ethylene recovery consists basically of a low
temperature, relatively high pressure distillation process to separate ethylene
from other hydrocarbons and hydrogen. In addition, acetylene conversion and
caustic treating steps are employed to reduce contaminants which would not be
adequately removed by the distillation process.
The depropanizer overhead, C, and lighter feed is compressed to about 300
psi and then passed over a fixed bed of acetylene removal catalyst, generally
palladium on alumina. Because of the very large amount of hydrogen contained
in this stream, the operating conditions are critical to selectively hydrogenate the
acetylene without degrading the valuable ethylene to ethane.
The gases are again dried and then further compressed to about 550 psi.
Separation of hydrogen and methane take place in the demethanizer and in its
preflash system. Three successive Golder preflash steps are used in this
separation, with propylene as refrigerant, then ethylene, and finally a selfgenerated
methane refrigerant at -200°F.
A high purity hydrogen and a low purity methane stream result. The 95%
hydrogen may be used directly to hydrogenate steam cracked naphtha or directly
consumed elsewhere in the refinery. The methane stream goes to fuel.
The C, plus bottoms from the demethanizer then go to the deethanizer. A
propylene-propane bottoms product containing 90-92 % propylene is obtained
which may either be sold, used directly as propylene- 90, or further purified. The
ethylene-ethane overhead from the deethanizer is separated in the splitter tower
yielding a 99.8% overhead ethylene product at -25°F. The ethane bottoms at + 18°F may either be sent to fuel gas or used as feed to an ethane craclung
furnace. Overall ethylene recovery in these facilities is about 98 % . The product
is of very high purity with less than 50 parts per million of non-hydrocarbon
contaminants and a methane plus ethane level below 250 ppm.
Propylene Recovery
The propylene-90 bottoms product from the deethanizer may be upgraded to high
polymer grade 99.8 % purity by superfractionation. Propane bottoms are used
elsewhere in the refinery.
Butenes
N o d butenes and isobutylene are separated by a selective reaction-extraction
process which takes advantage of differences in reactivity with dilute sulfuric
acid to form butyl alcohols. Because of differences in olefin structure,
isobutylene reacts much more rapidly than normal butenes with weak acid. In
fact, reaction of normal butenes in acids weaker than 65% is negligible at
commercial conditions. Reaction products are soluble in dilute acid. The unreacted
feed is only slightly soluble.
The acid extract phase is separated, diluted with water, and heated to
regenerate isobutylene. The isobutylene is then caustic and water washed to
remove traces of acid, distillation dried, and rerun. The unreacted C, stream,
containing normal butenes, is also caustic washed before further processing.
C, cuts, after extraction of butadiene, are preferred as feed to isobutylene
extraction units because the isobutylene concentration (about 30-40%) is higher
than in C, streams from catalytic cracking. The basic reaction in isobutylene
extraction is the reversible hydration of isobutylene to tertiary butyl alcohol in the
presence of sulfuric acid.
Polymerization to C, and C;, olefins is the chief side reaction.
Polymerization increases with extraction temperature and with the hold-up time
in the extraction section. It limits the temperature used to obtain high extraction
rates.
The extraction is carried out in a staged countercurrent system for good
recovery of isobutylene. Temperature is maintained by refrigeration, since heat
is evolved in the hydration. Normal (2,'s are rejected as the raffinate from the
lean stage. The stream, typically containing 70 mol% normal butenes, can be
used as feedstock for dehydrogenation to butadiene. The rich acid extract is
flashed to about 2 psig and blown with a small amount of steam to remove
butylenes and butanes physically dissolved in the extract. Isobutylene is then
recovered from the acid extract by direct injection of steam in the regenerator
tower.
Enough steam is used to reduce the acid concentration from 65 % to 45 % .
The heat supplied by the steam is used in: (a) regeneration of isobutylene from
t-butyl alcohol (an endothermic reaction) (b) raising the acid temperature to
250°F and (c) distilling out isobutylene, polymer, and residual tertiary butyl
alcohol. High temperature and low acid strength allow regeneration of the
isobutylene with minimal polymerization. Acid strength in the regenerator tower
is critical. Too low values result in separation of unwanted alcohol while high
concentrations increase polymerization rates.
The regenerator overhead is caustic and water washed, yielding a 95-96%
isobutylene product. The 45% acid taken as bottoms from the regenerator is
concentrated to 57% for steam cracked C, cuts (65% for cat cracked C,'s) and
recycled to the lean stage of the extraction section.
High purity 99+ % isobutylene can be made by rerunning, with a recovery
of over 85% of the isobutylene in the feed.
When hgh purity isobutylene is not required, the acid extract from the rich
stage may be heated for a few minutes to 250-300"F, and then quickly cooled.
Under these conditions the isobutylene dimerizes to form largely 2,4,4, trimethyl
pentene- 1. This is known as the dimer process and may be used to concentrate
1-butenes for dehydrogenation feed, the isobutylene dimer being added to the
motor gasoline pool. Trimers, as well as codimers with normal butenes are also
produced.
