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Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons

Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing

Authors: Tom Chunghu Tsai^a; Lyle F. Albright^b

DOI: 10.1081/E-ECHP-120007934

 

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وضعیت فلرهای حوزه خلیج فارس ( عکس ماهواره ای)

عکس ماهواره ای از فلرهای کشورهای حوزه خلیج فارس ۲۰۰۹

پتروشیمی مروارید و پردیس

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سیستم کنترل جرقه زنی فلر

سیستم کنترل جرقه زنی فلر

فلر محصور

یک آتشخان با جزئیات

فلر های محصور زمینی

Demountable System

Flares

The flare is a last line of defense in the safe emergency release system in a refinery or chemical plant. It uses to dispose of purged and wasted products from refineries, unrecoverable gases emerging with oil from oil wells, vented gases from blast furnaces, unused gases from coke ovens, and gaseous water from chemical industries. Flares are also used for burning waste gases from sewage digesters process, coal gasification, rocket engine testing, nuclear power plants with sodium, water heat exchangers, heavy water plants, and ammonia fertilizer plants. The flare provides a means of safe disposal of the vapor streams from its facilities, by burning them under controlled conditions such that adjacent equipment or personnel are not exposed to hazards, and at the same time obeying the environmental regulation of pollution control and public relations requirements. The chemical process used for flaring is a high temperature oxidation reaction to burn combustible components, mostly hydrocarbons, or waste gases from industrial operations. In combustion, the gaseous hydrocarbon (natural gas, propane, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, butane and etc) reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Several by products formed will be carbon monoxide, hydrogen and others dependent upon what is being burned. Efficiency of hydrocarbon conversion is generally over 98%.

Flare Type: Flares are generally categorized in two ways:

1.  by the height of the flare tip (i.e., ground or elevated), and
2.  by the method of enhancing mixing at the flare tip (i.e., steam-assisted, airassisted, pressure-assisted, or non-assisted).

Selection of ground or elevated flare type is influenced by several factors, such as availability of space; the characteristics of the flare gas (composition, quantity and pressure); economics; investment and operating costs; public relations and regulation.

فلر خود ایستا

Self Supported Flare stacks are normally used for flare system and offer a good alternatives to guy wire supported, or derrick-supported structures, for flares up to 40 meters tall, for flare more tall it cost is more expensive than other design, because it need greater material to ensure structural integrity for static conditions. But for this kind of structures the condition to be taken into account is the dynamic behaviour. In fact, due to elevated flexibility, in resonance condition, even low wind speed can cause instability on the structure. TechEngineering team is strongly specialized in this field and has the necessary competences to suggest the best way and the most suitable tools to be used to prevent the occurance of this effect. Selection of the riser material, included KO Drum and/or Water Seal, is in accordance to relevant specifications, while shell thickness is calculated from both mechanical and structural point of view. Particular attention must be reserved to the anchor bolts. In fact, because the self-supported flare can be subject to dynamic actions, the anchor bolts must be pre-tensioned. TechEngineering, in this case, suggests to use anchor bolts with sleeve which allows their pretension without excessive stress on the concrete. The design allows to integrate the K.O. Drum and / or the Water Seal in the base area of the flare. Top maintenance platform for the tip can be reached about ladders and intermediate platforms. Erection on site is limited by large prefabrication in workshop. The self-supported flare can be accessoried with a davit which allows the flare tip to be lowered to grade for inspection and maintenance and to be successively lifted in its position.

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ENGINEERING STANDARD FOR PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE AND BLOWDOWN ...

ENGINEERING STANDARD FOR PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE AND BLOWDOWN

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