۲) گازهای همراه استحصال شده در استان ایلام
در استان ایلام، میادین نفتی دهلران، دانان، دالیری، چشمه‌خوش، پایدار و پایدار غرب در مدار تولید قرار دارند. نفت میادین چشمه‌خوش، پایدار و پایدار غرب و دالیری در واحد بهره‌برداری چشمه‌خوش فرآورش می‌شوند و گازهای همراه این میادین، برای افزایش تولید از میدان چشمه‌خوش جمع‌آوری گردیده و تزریق خواهند شد.گازهای همراه نفت میادین دهلران و دانان در واحد بهره‌برداری دهلران تولید می‌شوند که متاسفانه سوزانده می­شوند. طرح بهینه‌ برای جمع‌آوری و استفاده از این گاز، انتقال آن به ورودی پالایشگاه گاز ایلام می‌باشد تا به‌همراه گاز تنگ بیجار در این پالایشگاه مورد فرآورش قرار گیرد. در این طرح، گاز همراه دهلران و دانان به میزان ۶۸ میلیون فوت مکعب در روز با احداث ایستگاه تقویت فشار و از طریق ۱۷۰ کیلومتر خط لوله به ورودی پالایشگاه ایلام منتقل خواهد شد. هزینهٔ اجرای این طرح ۹۱ میلیون دلار و نرخ داخلی بازگشت سرمایهٔ آن در حدود ۳۶ درصد برآورد شده است. در این طرح، هزینه‌های مربوط به تغییر ظرفیت‌های بخشی از فاز ۱ پالایشگاه ایلام نیز دیده شده است.
۳) گازهای همراه استحصال شده در استان بوشهر
در استان بوشهر، میادین نفتی "بینک"، "گلخاری" و "نرگسی" در مدار تولید قرار دارند که گاز همراه آنها سوزانده می­شود. البته برای استفاده از گازهای همراه میادین "بینک" و "گلخاری" جهت انتقال به کارخانهٔ "گاز مایع ۱۳۰۰" برنامه‌ریزی­هایی صورت پذیرفته است.در خصوص میدان نفتی" نرگسی"، روش‌های مختلف جمع‌آوری و استفاده از گاز همراه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و تزریق آن در مخزن "نرگسی" به عنوان طرح بهینه انتخاب شده است. هزینهٔ اجرای این طرح تزریق، ۲۴.۵ میلیون دلار برآورد شده است. این طرح، مشتمل بر احداث ایستگاه تراکم گاز در جوار واحد بهره‌برداری "نرگسی" و احداث خط لوله مورد نیاز است.
۴) گازهای همراه استحصال شده در استان لرستان
تنها میادین نفتی تولیدی در استان لرستان، میادین "سرکان" و "ماله‌کو" هستند. گاز همراه نفت این دو میدان در واحد بهره‌برداری "سرکان" به‌میزان ۵.۸ میلیون فوت مکعب در روز تولید و سوزانده می‌شود. راه­حل بهینه برای استفاده از این گاز، انتقال آن برای مصارف سوخت به شهر پل‌دختر می‌باشد که در ۱۲ کیلومتری واحد بهره‌برداری قرار گرفته است و اجرای آن منوط به ایجاد شبکهٔ گازرسانی در این شهر توسط شرکت ملی گاز ایران خواهد بود. این گاز قبل از انتقال، نیاز به فرآیندهای شیرین‌سازین، نم‌زدایی و کنترل نقطه شبنم در محل واحد بهره‌برداری سرکان دارد که در طرح نیز دیده شده است. هزینهٔ اجرای این طرح ۸.۱ میلیون دلار خواهد بود.
۵) گازهای همراه استحصال شده در استان کرمانشاه
تنها میدان نفتی در حال تولید استان کرمانشاه، میدان نفت‌شهر است که در فاصلهٔ ۶۰ کیلومتری شهر قصرشیرین و در خط مرزی ایران و عراق قرار دارد. میزان نفت تولیدی این میدان در دورهٔ ۲۰ ساله پیش‌بینی می­شود از ۶ هزار بشکه در روز در سال ۱۳۸۰ به حدود هزار بشکه در روز در سال ۱۳۹۹ برسد. گاز همراه این میدان در حال حاضر سوزانده می­شود و راه حل بهینهٔ استفاده از این گاز، تراکم و انتقال آن به مرکز جمع‌آوری گاز تنگ بیجار است که در فاصلهٔ ۴۰ کیلومتری واحد بهره‌برداری نفت‌شهر قرار دارد. این گاز در نهایت به همراه گاز تنگ بیجار به پالایشگاه ایلام منتقل خواهد شد. هزینهٔ اجرای این طرح ۴.۹ میلیون دلار برآورد شده است.
۶) گازهای همراه میادین نفتی دریایی
میادین توسعه یافته دریایی به چهار منطقه بهرگان، خارک، لاوان و سیری تقسیم می‌گردند:
الف) منطقه سیری؛ شامل میادین سیوند، دنا، نصرت، الوند و اسفند.
ب) منطقه لاوان؛ شامل میادین نفتی رشادت، رسالت و سلمان.
ج) منطقه خارک؛ شامل میادین نفتی ابوذر، درود و فروزان.
د) منطقه بهرگان؛ شامل میادین نفتی هندیجان، بهرگانسر، نوروز و سروش.
قسمتی از گازهای همراه این میادین در سکوهای بهره‌برداری استفاده و یا سوزانده می‌شوند و مابقی همراه با نفت به پایانه‌های صادراتی منتقل و پس از تفکیک یا مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند و یا متاسفانه سوزانده می‌شوند. 

بررسی ابعاد و راههای جلوگیری از سوزانده شدن گازهای همراه نفت در کشور

بهره‌برداری بهینه از گازهای همراه میادین نفتی، به عنوان یکی از رسالت­های مهم شرکت ملی نفت ایران همواره مورد تاکید بوده است؛ ولی متاسفانه هنوز مقادیر قابل توجهی از این گازها در کشور سوزانده می­شود. این در حالی است که مطابق مطالعات انجام شده، طرح‌های جمع‌آوری گازهای همراه و جلوگیری از سوزاندن آنها, در بسیاری از موارد صرفهٔ اقتصادی نیز دارد. در مطلب زیر که به بررسی ابعاد و راه‌های جلوگیری از سوزانده‌‌شدن گازهای همراه کشور می‌پردازند، از نتایج مطالعات مؤسسه مطالعات بین‌المللی انرژی استفاده شده است: بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده در کشور، میزان تولید گاز همراه نفت در سال ۱۳۷۹، معادل ۲۵۰۰ میلیون فوت مکعب در روز بوده است که از این مقدار، ۷۵ درصد آن جمع‌آوری شده و به مصارف مختلف اختصاص یافته است. ۳ درصد از گاز همراه تولیدی نفت نیز به مصارف عملیاتی "تاسیسات بهره‌برداری و گاز مایع" رسیده است. لذا در سال ۷۹، حدود ۲۲ درصد از کل گاز همراه تولیدی، معادل ۵۵۰ میلیون فوت مکعب در روز (به ارزش تقریبی روزانه ۴۰۰ هزار دلار)، سوزانده شده است.باید این نکته را نیز مد نظر قرار داد که علاوه بر سوخته شدن مقادیر قابل توجهی از گازهای همراه, لطمات زیست­محیطی فراوانی نیز به کشور رسانده می­شود. گازهای همراه که از مخازن نفت استحصال می­شوند، در مناطق مختلف خشکی و دریایی کشور قرار دارند. مخازن نفت مناطق خشکی که قسمتهای عمده­ای از گازهای همراه آنها سوزانده می­شود, عمدتاً در استانهای خوزستان, ایلام, بوشهر, لرستان و کرمانشاه قرار دارند.
۱) گازهای همراه استحصال شده در استان خوزستان
مخازن نفتی که در استان خوزستان تمامی یا بخشی از گازهای همراه نفت آنها سوزانده می‌شود، عبارتند از:

▪ آب‌تیمور

▪ اهواز ( بنگستان)

▪ هفتکل

▪ کارون

▪ کوپال (بنگستان)

▪ منصوری

▪ مسجدسلیمان

▪ پرسیاه

▪ قلعه‌کنار

▪ زیلوئی

▪ لالی

▪ رامشیر

▪ مارون (بنگستان)
لازم به ذکر است, در بین میادین مذکور، پروژه "آماک" برای جمع‌آوری و استفاده از گازهای همراه میادین آب‌تیمور، اهواز (بنگستان)، منصوری، کوپال (بنگستان) و مارون (بنگستان) در نظر گرفته شده است. با این وجود، بررسی‌های انجام شده نشان داده است که با اجرای برنامه‌های توزیع گاز و افزایش تولید از این میادین، ظرفیت طراحی شدهٔ پروژهٔ آماک جهت جمع‌آوری تمامی گازهای همراه در سه میدان اهواز، آب تیمور و منصوری کافی نبوده است.مطالعات فنی و اقتصادی نشان داده است که طرح بهینه برای استفاده از گاز همراه مازاد سه میدان آب‌تیمور، منصوری و بنگستان اهواز، تزریق در مخازن نفت است. در نتیجه هر سه میدان، در برنامهٔ تزریق گاز قرار دارند و گازهای مازاد هر میدان می‌توانند بخشی از گاز تزریقی به مخزن مربوطه خود را تشکیل دهند. این سه طرح تزریق گاز که اجرای آنها منوط به اجرای طرح‌های افزایش تولید مخزن بنگستان است، جمعاً ۵۳.۵ میلیون دلار هزینه در بر خواهد داشت.مناسب‌ترین روش استفاده از گازهای همراه هفتکل، جایگزینی آن به‌جای بخشی از گاز تزریقی از گنبد نفت سفید در مخزن هفتکل است که هزینهٔ اجرای این پروژه در حدود ۶.۳ میلیون دلار برآورده شده و با در نظرگرفتن بازیافت ثانویهٔ نفت، از نظر اقتصادی طرحی بسیار مطلوب خواهد بود. مضافاً اینکه برای جلوگیری از سوزاندن گاز، تولید گاز گنبد نفت سفید نیز با توجه به اثرات غیر مطلوب تولید از گاز گنبد مخازن نفتی کاهش خواهد یافت.طرح پیشنهادی برای مجموعهٔ گازهای همراه میادین مسجد سلیمان، کارون، لالی، زیلوئی و پرسیاه که در منطقه مسجدسلیمان تولید می‌شوند، عبارت از جمع‌آوری، استحصال مایعات گازی و انتقال آنها به شبکهٔ سراسری گاز در اهواز است. برای اجرای این طرح، لازم است تا علاوه بر پروژهٔ مصوب احداث واحد بهره‌برداری هفت‌شهیدان در مسجد سلیمان، ایستگاه‌های تقویت فشار گاز، یک واحد شیرین‌سازی و یک کارخانهٔ گاز مایع نیز به‌همراه خطوط لوله مورد نیاز در منطقه احداث شود.گازهای همراه میادین مزبور پس از جمع‌آوری و شیرین‌سازی به کارخانهٔ جدید گاز مایع منتقل می‌شوند و گاز سبک خروجی و همچنین NGL حاصله به منطقه اهواز منتقل‌شده و به خروجی کارخانه گاز مایع متصل خواهند شد

آلاینده های شیمیایی هوا

آلاینده های شیمیایی هوا
آلاینده‌ها بر حسب ترکیب شیمیایی‌شان به دو گروه آلی و معدنی تقسیم می‌شوند. ترکیبات آلی حاوی کربن و هیدروژن هستند. برخی از ذرات آلی که بیش از سایر ذرات آلی در اتمسفر یافت می‌شوند عبارتند از: فنلها ، اسیدهای آلی و الکلها و معروفترین ذرات معدنی موجود در اتمسفر عبارتند از نیتراتها ، سولفاتها و فلزاتی مانند آهن، سرب، روی و وانادیم.

منابع آلاینده‌ها
هوا دارای آلاینده‌های طبیعی نظیر هاگهای قارچها ، تخم گیاهان ، ذرات معلق نمک و دود و ذرات غبار حاصل از آتش جنگلها و فوران آتشفشان‌هاست. همچنین هوا حاوی گاز منو اکسید کربن تولید شده به شکل طبیعی (CO) حاصل از تجزیه متان (CH۴) و هیدروکربنها به شکل ترپنهای ناشی از درختان کاج ، سولفید هیدروژن (H۲S) و متان (CH۴) حاصل از تجزیه بی‌هوازی مواد آلی می‌باشد.

منابع آلاینده‌ها را بطور کلی می‌توان در چهار گروه اصلی طبقه بندی کرد: حمل و نقل متحرک ، احتراق ساکن ، فرآیندهای صنعت ، دفع مواد زاید جامد .
 

هیدروکربنها
ترکیبات آلی که تنها دارای هیدروژن و کربن هستند به نام هیدروکربن نام می‌گیرند که بطور کلی به دو گروه آلیفاتیک و آروماتیک تقسیم می‌شوند.
 

هیدروکربنهای آلیفاتیک
گروه هیدروکربنهای آلیفاتیک شامل آلکانها، آلکنها و آلکین‌ها هستند. آلکانها عبارتند از: هیدروکربنهای اشباع شده که در واکنشهای فتوشیمیایی اتمسفر نقش ندارند. الکنها که معمولا به نام اولفین‌ها خوانده می‌شوند. اشباع نشده هستند و در اتمسفر از لحاظ فتوشیمیایی تا حدودی فعال‌اند. این گروه در حضور نور خورشید با اکسید نیتروژن در غلظتهای زیاد واکنش نشان می‌دهند و آلاینده‌های ثانوی مانند پراکسی استیل نیترات (PAN) و ازن (O۳) را بوجود می‌آورند. هیدروکربنهای آلیفاتیک تولید شده تا حدود (۳۲۶ mg/m۳) برای سلامت انسان و جانوران خطرساز نیست.
 

هیدروکربنهای آروماتیک
هیدروکربنهای آروماتیک که از لحاظ بیوشیمیایی و بیولوژیکی فعال و برخی از آنها بالقوه سرطانزا هستند یا از بنزن مشتق شده‌اند و یا به آن مربوط می‌شوند. افزایش میزان ابتلا به سرطان ریه در نواحی شهری به هیدروکربنهای چند هسته‌ای خارج شده از اگزوز اتومبیل‌ها نسبت داده شده است. بنزوپیرین سرطانزاترین هیدروکربنهاست. بنزاسفنانتریلین ، بنزوانتراسین و کریزین هم مواد سرطانزای ضعیف‌اند.
 

منابع هیدروکربنها
میل‌لنگها و کاربراتورها ، بیشترین درصد آزادسازی هیدروکربنها را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند تجهیزات سوزاننده مکمل که با کاتالیست کار می‌کنند هیدروکربنها آزاد شده و منو اکسید کربن را سوزانده و تولید CO۲ و آب می‌نمایند.
 

تکنولوژی کنترل هیدروکربنهای متصاعد شده از منابع ساکن
تکنولوژی کنترل هیدروکربنهای متصاعد شده از منابع ساکن عبارتند از: خاکستر سازی ، جذب ، تراکم و جایگزین نمودن سایر مواد.
فرآیند خاکسترسازی با دستگاههای سوزاننده مکمل و دستگاههای سوزاننده مکمل کاتالیستی صورت می‌گیرد. جذب سطحی توسط کربن فعال صورت می‌گیرد و جذب هیدروکربنها بوسیله یک محلول شوینده در برجهای سینی‌دار ، شوینده‌های جت و برجهای آکنه ، برجهای پاشنده و شوینده‌های ونتوری صورت می‌گیرد.
 

منو اکسید کربن
گاز منو اکسید کربن بیرنگ ، بی‌مزه و بی‌بو است و در شرایط عادی از لحاظ شیمیایی بی‌اثر و طول عمر متوسط آن در اتمسفر حدود ۲/۵ ماه است. در حال حاضر مقدار منو اکسید کربن در اتمسفر بر روی اموال انسانی ، گیاهان و اشیا بی‌اثر یا کم‌اثر است در غلظتهای زیاد منو کسید کربن به علت تمایل زیاد به جذب هموگلوبین می‌تواند در متابولیسم تنفسی انسان بطور جدی اختلال ایجاد نما‌ید. غلظت منو اکسید کربن در نواحی متراکم شهری که ترافیک سنگین و حرکت خودروها کند است به میزان قابل توجهی افزایش می‌یابد منابع کربن ، منو کسید کربن طبیعی و انسانی هستند. طبق گزارش آزمایشگاه ملی آرگون در اثر اکسیداسیون گاز متان حاصل از مرگ گیاهان سالانه ۱۳/۲ میلیون تن CO وارد طبیعت می‌شود. منبع دیگر تولید این ماده متابولیسم انسانی است بازدم شخصی که در حال استراحت است بطور تقریبی حاوی CO۱ppm است.
 

اکسیدهای گوگرد
این اکسیدها شامل ۶ ترکیب مختلف گازی هستند: منو اکسید سولفور (SO) ، دی ‌اکسید سولفور (SO۲) ، تری اکسید سولفور (SO۳) تترا اکسید سولفور (SO۴) ، سکو اکسید سولفور (SO۲) و هپتو اکسید سولفور (S۲O۷) در مطالعه آلودگی هوا دی اکسید سولفور و تری اکسید سولفور حائز بیشترین اهمیت است.
با توجه به پایداری نسبی SO۲ در اتمسفر این کار می‌تواند به عنوان یک عامل اکسید کننده و یا احیا کننده وارد عمل شود. SO۲ که با سایر اجزای موجود در اتمسفر به شکل فتوشیمیایی یا کاتالیستی وارد واکنش می‌شود می‌تواند قطرات اسید سولفوریک (H۲SO۴) و نمکهای اسید سولفوریک را تولید بکند. SO۲ با آب وارد واکنش شده و تولید سولفورو اسید می‌نماید این اسید ضعیف با بیش از ۸۰% SO۲ آزاد شده در اتمسفر ناشی از فعالیتهای انسانی به سوزاندن سوختهای جامد و فسیلی مربوط می‌شود.

استانداردهای کنترل اکسیدهای ‌سولفور
روشهای گسترده جهت کنترل اکسید سولفور عبارتند از: بکارگیری سوختهای دارای گوگرد کمتر ، جداسازی گوگرد از سوخت ، جایگزین ساختن منابع انرژی‌زای دیگر ، تبدیل زغال سنگ به مایع یا گاز ، پاکسازی محصولات حاصل از احتراق.

اکسیدهای نیتروژن
شامل منو اکسید نیتروژن (NO) ، دی اکسید نیتروژن (NO۲) ، نیترو اکسید (N۲O) نیتروژن سیسکواکسید (N۲O۳) ، نیتروژن تترااکسید (N۲O۴) و نیتروژن پنتواکسید (N۲O۵) هستند.
دو گاز مهمی که در آلودگی هوا مهم‌اند عبارتند از: اکسید نیتریک (NO) و دی اکسید نیتروژن. دی اکسید نیتروژن که از هوا سنگینتر و در آب محلول است در آب تشکیل اسید نیتریک و یا اسید نیترو و یا اکسید نیتریک (NO) می‌دهد. اسید نیتریک و اسید نیترو در اثر بارندگی به سطح زمین سقوط کرده یا با آمونیاک موجود در اتمسفر (NH۳) ترکیب شده آمونیم نیترات (NH۴NO۳) بوجود می‌آورد. NO۲ یکی از اجزای غذایی گیاهان را تشکیل می‌دهد. NO۲ که در دامنه تشعشع فوق‌بنفش جاذب خوب انرژی به شمار می‌رود در تولید آلاینده‌های ثانوی هوا از قبیل ازن O۳ نقش مهمی دارد مقدار NO آزاد شده در اتمسفر به مراتب بیش از مقدار NO۲ آزاد شده است. NO در فرآیندهای احتراقی با دمای زیاد و در اثر ترکیب نیتروژن و اکسیژن NO بوجود می‌آید.
 

منابع اکسیدهای نیتروژن
برخی از اکسیدهای نیتروژن به صورت طبیعی و برخی به صورت انسانی ایجاد می‌شوند. در اثر آتش‌سوزی جنگل مقدار اندکی NO۲ ایجاد می‌شود. تجزیه باکتریایی مواد آلی نیز سبب آزاد شدن NO۲ در اتمسفر می‌شود. در واقع منابع تولید کننده NO۲ بطور طبیعی تقریبا ۱۰ برابر منابع انسانی که در نواحی شهری دارای تراکم و غلظت هستند می‌باشد. بخش عمده NO۲ تولید شده از منابع انسانی مربوط به احتراق سوخت در منابع ساکن و حرکت وسائط نقلیه می‌باشد.
 

استانداردهای کنترل اکسیدهای نیتروژن
بطور کلی اغلب اندازه گیریهای کنترلی برای NO۲ آزاد شده در راستای محدود ساختن شرایط احتراق و کاهش تولید NO۲ و همچنین استفاده از تجهیزات متنوع برای حذف NO۲ از جریان گازهای خروجی انجام می‌شوند.

اکسید کننده‌های فتوشیمیایی
اکسید ‌کننده‌ها یا اکسید کننده‌های کامل دو عبارتی هستند که برای توصیف مقادیر اکسید ‌‌کننده‌های فتوشیمیایی بکار می‌روند و معمولا نشان‌دهنده قدرت اکسید کنندگی هوای اتمسفر می‌باشند. ازن (O۳) که اکسید‌ کننده فتوشیمیایی اصلی است در حدود ۹۰ درصد از اکسید کننده‌ها را بخود اختصاص می‌دهد.
 

ـ سایر اکسید کننده‌های فتوشیمیایی مهم در کنترل آلودگی هوا عبارتند از:
اکسیژن نوزاد (O) ، اکسیژن مولکولی برانگیخته (O۲) ، پروکسی آسیل نیترات (PAN) ، پروکسی پروپانول نیترات (PPN) ، پروکسی بوتیل نیترات (PBN) ، دی اکسید نیتروژن (NO۲) ، پراکسید هیدروژن (H۲O۲) و الکیل نیتراتها.
 

اثرات اکسید‌کننده‌ها
اثرات اکسید‌کننده‌ها بر سلامتی انسان می‌تواند موجب سرفه ، کوتاهی نفس ، گرفتگی راه عبور هوا ، گرفنگی و درد قفسه سینه ، عملکرد نامناسب ششها ، تغییر سلولهای قرمز خون ، آماس خشک و سوزش چشم ، بینی و گلو شوند. اکسید ‌کننده‌های اصلی که به گیاهان آسیب می‌رسانند عبارتند از PAN , O۳ که از خلال روزنه‌های موجود در برگ وارد گیاه شده و در متابولیسم سلول گیاهی دخالت می‌کنند. علائم بوجود آمده از تماس گیاه با PAN عبارتند از: برونزه شدن ، براق شدن و نقره‌ای شده سطح زیرین برگها. تماس متناوب اکسید ‌کننده‌ها با گیاهان موجب کاهش محصولات می‌شود. اکسید‌ کننده‌ها به سرعت با رنگها ، الاستومرها (اکسید ‌کننده‌ها) الیاف پارچه‌ای و رنگهای نساجی واکنش نشان داده و آنها را اکسید می‌کند.
 

استانداردهای کنترل اکسید ‌کننده‌ها
این نکته روشن شده است که حتی اگر هیچ هیدروکربنی در اتمسفر وجود نداشته باشد تا زمانی که CO و NO۲ حضور دارند مقادیر قابل ملاحظه‌ای از ازن می‌تواند تولید شود. در حال حاضر علیرغم کوششهای منظم بر روی کنترل CO ، هیدروکربنها و NO۲ مقادیری از این آلاینده‌ها که برای ایجاد ازن فتوشیمیایی کافی هستند، همچنان در اتمسفر وجود دارد.

Landfill Gas Systems

Feasibility of Landfill Gas Recovery / Control Options

Landfill gas (LFG) recovery/control feasibility analysis services provided by EBA include LFG quantification and site yield, refuse composition, computer modeling for long term gas yields, market surveys for the sale of gas or energy, conceptual design and costing, and technical and economic feasibility reports.

Design of Passive & Active Landfill Gas Collection/Control Systems

EBA can provide design services, construction plans and specifications and construction/operations assistance for the design and installation of passive and active gas control/recovery systems. Typical designs have included passive collection trenches, collection well fields, wells heads, condensate traps, valving, as well as flare stations for the recovery and

destruction of LFG. EBA services also include the development of construction specifications and bid documents, assistance in the construction bid process, the obtaining of regulatory agency approvals, construction oversight, assistance in system startup, and the preparation of operation and maintenance manuals.

Monitoring, Operation, & Maintenance of Gas Migration Control Systems

EBA can provide all necessary monitoring, operation, and maintenance services to ensure the control of gas migration. Typical task work includes the monitoring of gas migration wells to determine system effectiveness, monitoring and adjustment of control system components, balancing of well fields for migration control, the maintenance and repair of control system components, flare source test sampling, and report preparation and regulatory agency liaison for regulatory compliance.

Design of Continuous Monitoring Systems

EBA designs and provides construction oversight for the installation of continuous gas monitoring systems. Systems have included single remote sensor alarms and multiple sensor alarms to central control panels for the early detection of the accumulation of LFG in structures erected over or in the vicinity of LFG sources

.

Enter...

Industrial Combustion Processes | Flaring Consortium

Joint International Combustion Symposium Paper, October 11, 2004, Maui, HI

Practical Implications of Prior Research on Today's Outstanding Flare Emissions Questions and a Research Program to Answer Them

• James Seebold, ChevronTexaco (Retired)
• Peter Gogolek, Natural Resources Canada
• John Pohl, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
• Robert Schwartz, John Zink Company LLC

Abstract

The external combustion of hydrocarbon gas mixtures by any means, including flaring, literally manufactures and subsequently emits to the atmosphere traces of all possible molecular combinations of the elemental constituents present either in the fuel or in the air including the ozone precursor highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs) and the carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). In the case of flare operation, this is probably particularly true not only of over-steamed flares but also of Best Practice no-flaring purge-and-pilot-only hot-standby operation. But these trace emissions are hard to measure and in prior related research on hydrocarbon gaseous jet-mixed diffusional combustion have been shown to be trace enough that they pose no threat whatsoever to the public health and welfare.

Although recently it has been treated as such by some researchers, regulators and environmentalists, it is hardly a revelation that even burning methane pure as the drifted snow and in the best possible well-mixed way produces trace emissions of ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and all the other highly reactive volatile organics; formaldehyde, benzene and benzo(a)pyrene, the class-archetypal hazardous air pollutant carcinogens; and all the other hydrocarbon compounds in the gas phase up through 300 mw coronene. This will be illustrated by the emissions to atmosphere from the diffusional combustion of natural gas. The severely over-aerated condition (stoichiometric ratio 4.5; i.e., four-and-one-half times theoretical air supplied) may be typical of severely over-steamed flares while the severely under-aerated condition (stoichiometric ratio 0.75; i.e., three-fourths theoretical air supplied) may be typical of Best Practice no-flaring purge-and-pilot-only hot-standby flare operation. In the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum's Project 92-19 this issue was met head-on. The landmark measurements showed 1) that all of those emissions are indeed detectable in the stack plume if the investigators are good enough at the detecting and 2) that the trace concentrations under a broad range of normal operating conditions are trace enough that they pose no threat whatsoever to the public health and welfare. This knowledge forms a foundation upon which reasonable approaches to the needs of the public for affordable products and employment and the public need for a clean environment can be structured. Such was the case when industry regulatory advocates, environmental activists and government regulators worked together to give special consideration to process heating and steam raising operations in the EPA's Industrial Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking.

Now a foundation of knowledge needs to be constructed regarding flaring operations. Critically needed is resolution of these issues not just by arm-waving but quantitatively and systematically, comprehensively and unambiguously just was done for process heating and steam raising in the PERF 92-19 Project. Both what we know and what we need to know about flare emissions will be described. The presentation closes with a brief description of a new flare emissions program that will produce the new knowledge that will resolve the outstanding issues and support sensible flare regulations.

Background

The mid-90s saw completion of the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF) Project 92-19 entitled "The Origin and Fate of Toxic Combustion Byproducts in Refinery Heaters: Research to Enable Efficient Compliance with the Clean Air Act." Some interesting things were learned during the course of this project about hydrocarbon gaseous external combustion.

Much, but not all, of the experimental work was conducted at the Burner Engineering Research Laboratory ("BERL"), Sandia National Laboratories ("SNL") located in Livermore, California. Other experimental work was conducted at the UCLA Chemical Engineering Laboratory and at the Stanford Thermosciences Laboratory. The 4-year, 20-participant $7-million project produced 7 volumes. But a "Final Report", really an extended executive summary, can be found at the following Website:

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/iccr/dirss/perfrept.pdf 

Some results from the SNL research furnace (dubbed "Baby BERL") are shown below. These results illustrate that even when burning laboratory grade methane pure as the drifted snow, traces of higher molecular weight compounds such as benzene and toluene that are not originally present in the fuel are nevertheless found in the flue gas.

The combustion reaction zone behaves like an effectively dissociated highly reactive elemental soup in which all possible molecular combinations of the elements present are formed in accordance with their chemical kinetic propensity to do so. Furthermore, there being no zero in nature, traces of all possible molecules remain in the flue gas for the detection if you are good enough at the detecting. In short, Cs and Hs and Os (Oh My!) beget Cs and Hs and Os and the hydrocarbon fuel composition doesn't matter very much.

Full-scale burner trials were carried out in "Big BERL", the SNL Combustion Research Facility's (CRF) Burner Engineering Research Laboratory illustrated below.

Heat was extracted from the combustion zone by water-cooled walls to precisely duplicate the conditions in the radiant sections of typical process heaters. That capability was already present when the project began. But PERF Project 92-19 added a "Convection Section Simulator" at a cost of about $½-million to precisely mimic the entire heating and cooling profile typical of industrial process heaters. Most importantly, the temperature vs. time cooling profile could be tailored to mimic a variety of designs encountered in the field. As an aside, it is perhaps interesting to note that added capability to tailor the cooling profile would have become important in subsequent research, has it been carried out, on the generation and fate of the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in hydrocarbon gaseous external combustion. While that research was never carried out the capability remains intact at the laboratory and could be utilized in future research.

Some results are shown above. PERF Project 92-19 research proved conclusively that while trace emissions under the very broad range of stoichiometries that characterize normal operating conditions are detectable in the flue gas, if you are good enough at the detecting, the concentrations are so low as to pose no threat whatsoever to the public health and welfare.

But the research also showed, as illustrated above, that there exist both substoichiometric and superstoichiometric regimes in which the emissions from hydrocarbon gaseous external combustion are markedly increased. In our judgement these observations from prior research may have important implications on flaring operation and best practices. That is why we proposed new research and put together the research consortium.

In beginning to sort out the implications of prior research on flare emissions, the crucial question is, "How might flaring operation produce the adverse stoichiometric mixing regimes that proved to be undesirable in the prior research on industrial burners?"

Today's Knowledge

There have been identified three elevated flare reacting flow mixing regimes; viz., inertia-, buoyancy- and wake-dominated mixing. These regimes are illustrated below.

In the inertia dominated regime nothing is important except the jet-mixing inherent in the high velocity jet. Because of the strength of the flare jet momentum flux the combustion zone is very little affected by any other mechanism and combustion efficiencies are invariably high.

But as the flare jet velocity is reduced there is a changeover to mixing dominated by buoyancy in which some possibility of eddy quenching or eddy stripping apparently would emerge. Nevertheless, we know that the combustion efficiencies remain high in this regime as well due largely to the very powerful bouyant engulfment mechanism of air induction and the overwhelming reactivity of the reactants.

Eventually, as the flare jet velocity is reduced or the crosswind speed increases, the wake-dominated mixing regime emerges in which the flame is sucked down and stabilizes itself in the vortex trail off the stack. While extremely stable, this regime is one of potential low efficiency. But the operating condition boundaries lack definition today.

What we do know about the wake-dominated regime is illustrated in the chart above and we conjecture that wake-domination leads to potentially low-efficiency substoichiometric eddies as suggested in the illustration below. While this deleterious effect has been clearly identified by recent research, quantification, operating condition envelope, and governing parameters all lack definition today.

Another low-efficiency mixing regime has been postulated. A very effective and well established operating pracice has been the introduction of steam in elevated flares to suppress smoke. The main effect is to enhance the aeration of the combustion zone.

But we postulate that excessive use of smoke-suppressing steam may lead to over-aeration and the production of superstoichiometric eddies as illustrated below and there is evidence to suggest that over-steaming compromises combustion efficiency in certain circumstances as shown in the chart below.

Today's Unknowns

Key knowledge gaps that today stand in the way of sensible regulation and the enumciation of operating parameter envelopes that would delineate "good operating practice" and ensure the high efficiency operation of flares:

1. To what extent are prior research results on off-stoichiometric jet-mixed diffusion indicative of the emissions from elevated flares that might not be "well-operated"?
   
2. Like jet-mixed burners, can elevated flares be operated in such a way that they pose no threat whatsoever to the public health and welfare?

So the question comes, "How will we get the key flare emission knowledge that we do not have today to support sensible regulation?" The answer is, of course, further research.

Direct measurement of the in situ combustion efficiency of full-scale flares is both difficult and dangerous. Remote measurement techniques are under development but are not proven. Today's means of ensuring the high efficiency of flares is to specify the operating conditions that, in direct measurement programs such as the USEPA's mid-80s Study of the Efficiency of Industrial Flares, produced high efficiency. But to date the operating parameter efficiency envelopes have not been developed to account for wind nor for the chemical properties of the gases flared nor for the amount of smoke-suppressing steam employed. Recent studies of hydrogen or inerts in the flared gases have demonstrated that energy content (Btu/scf) alone is a poor descriptor even though it is relied upon in the USEPA's 40CFR60.18 "General Requirements for Flares".

These facts highlight critical knowledge gaps that stand in the way of enunciating measurable operating parameter based "Flaring Best Practices" to ensure high efficiency operation. That is why the authors proposed a new flare emissions research project that would study the effect of flare gas flow and composition; steam assist and flare gas mass ratio; wind and flare gas momentum flux ratio; and wind turbulence structure on the combustion efficiency of flare flames focusing on speciated emissions of the highly reactive volatile organic compounds ethylene, propylene and butadiene; and the class archetypal hazardous air pollutant carcinogens formaldehyde, benzene and benzo(a)pyrene.

The New Research Project

The "International Flare Consortium" has been formed by the author Principal Investigators (PIs) to eliminate the knowledge deficit that today stands in the way not only of enunciating operating-parameter-based best practices but also sensible regulation. The project has a long title; viz., "The effect of flare gas flow & composition; steam assist & flare gas mass ratio; wind & flare gas momentum flux ratio; and wind turbulence structure on the combustion efficiency of flare flames focusing on speciated emissions of the highly reactive volatile organic compounds (ethylene, propylene, butadiene) and the class archetypal hazardous air pollutant carcinogens (formaldehyde, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene)."

The project kicked off August 10-11, 2004, at the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) CANMET Energy Technology Centre (CETC) Flare Test Facility (FTF), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada where most testing will be conducted. Additionally the PIs expect that several CANMET FTF conditions will be duplicated at full industrial scale at the John Zink Flare Test Facility (JZFTF), Tulsa, Oklanoma, and "sampled" by a remote measurement technique; e.g., 1)no steam with smoke, 2) optimum smoke suppressing steam and 3) severe over steaming, all at the same composition and flow rate. These verification tests at the JZFTF will be conducted "blind" with the dual purposes of providing much-needed validation of the chosen remote measurement technique (FTIR or LDAR) that appears best and confidence in the broad range of comprehensive and unambigous results to be obtained in the CANMET FTF.

Phase I of the new research program will investigate experimentally and theoretically the combustion efficiency and speciated emissions of natural gas; refinery fuel gas; HRVOC- and BTEX-spiked natural and refinery fuel gas; and low-Btu production gas under a broad range of wind vs. flare mass flux ratios and steam assist vs. waste gas mass ratios. Phase II will repeat the critical conditions found in Phase I to effect combustion efficiency and speciated emissions of flare flames with a broader range of gas compositions. Phase III (TBD and not included) will provide both full-scale verification of the CANMET FTF experimental results and validation of remote measurement techniques at the John Zink Flare Test Facility.

The following are among the technical or regulatory drivers that led to the formation of the International Flare Consortium:

• Emissions from flares in the Houston Galveston Area - particularly of the highly reactive volatile organic compounds like butadiene, propylene and ethylene - are currently of great interest to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and to the industrial community.
• The same can be said of California's South Coast and Bay Area Air Quality Management Districts and the industrial communities there and elsewhere.
• The World Bank's Global Flare Reduction Initiative seeks to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from flares.
• The program will provide a much-needed check on and validation of remote measurement techniques which may develop to monitor flare flames.
• If development of remote techniques to measure flare combustion is delayed, or if remote measurement techniques are found to lack practicality or adequate detection limits, this program will provide independent and unambiguous resolution of today's pressing issues.independent and unambiguous resolution of today's pressing issues.

The program as currently envisioned is shown above. Since the program will be jointly and continuously managed by the Principal Investigators and the representatives of the Supporting Entities who sit on the Technical Advisory Board, the program is subject to change as the research unfolds.

The "Initial Scoping Matrix" shown in the program plan is detailed above. At press time the project had just kicked off but we expect to have some early results to discuss in the live presentation in October.

To briefly describe the selection rationale for the conditions included in the Initial Scoping Matrix, tests A1, A2 and A3 are intended to scope the range of wind effects as characterized by the momentum flux ratio for all fuels in the absence of steam injection and will therefore be of broad interest to all of the Supporting Entities represented on the Technical Advisory Board. Tests B1, B2 and B3 will scope the range of steam effects at constant momentum flux ratio for fuels of interest to the downstream (refining, petrochemical and chemical) Supporting Entities that are represented on the Technical Advisory Board. Typically the upstream (production) entities do not employ steam injection so fuels 5 and 6 are omitted in the initial scoping matrix. Finally tests C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 scope the extremes of momentum flux ratio and steam injection for any surprises and therefore are limited to natural gas (fuel 1) and refinery fuel gas (fuel 2) in the initial scoping matrix. The results of the Initial Scoping Matrix will enable PIs and TAB in their 2nd meeting to more rationally lay out the test conditions that will smoothly fill out our understanding during the completion if the 1st efficiency campaign.

IFC program deliverables include comprehen-sive and unambiguous quantification of:

• speciated emissions concentrations from elevated flares as a function of flare gas composition, flare/wind momentum flux ratio and steam rate;
• flare/wind low momentum flux ratio inef-ficiencies in downstream "best practice" no flaring purge and pilot only operation and in upstream field flare operation;
• over-steaming inefficiencies in down-stream operations;
• and identification of measurable operating parameter based "Best Practices" to ensure high efficiency operation of upstream and downstream elevated flares.

Industrial Combustion Processes | Flaring

Industrial Combustion Processes | Flaring

Flaring is a common safety technology for the disposal of flammable waste gases. The gases are sent to a stack and burn in an open flame. Flares are found at oil and gas production sites, petroleum refineries and chemical processing plants, landfills and sewage treatment plants, anaerobic digesters, steel mills and smelters. Gases may be flared as a result of an emergency shutdown or for routine disposal of by-products of an industrial process. The performance of flares in the field is difficult to quantify as wind speed and direction, and the composition and flow rate of flare gas all vary with time. This makes it difficult to quantify the potential environmental impact of flaring and points to the need for controlled tests of flares.

CanmetENERGY completed commissioning of the Flare Test Facility (FTF) in 2000. This unique facility can closely represent a wide range of industrial flares, including those of off-shore oil rigs and refinery and chemical plant flares. The operating conditions, fuel flow rate and composition, crosswind speed and steam-assist rate are controlled with accurate measurement of combustion products. Combustion efficiency, destruction efficiency and speciation of emissions are determined. The FTF has been used to characterize solution gas flares, to test flare tip designs, and to develop new designs.

The Flare Test Facility is the host of the International Flare Consortium (IFC), which was formed to address the gaps in science with respect to emissions from flares and to establish best practices. The goals of the IFC are to provide emission factors for production and refinery flares, including the effect of steam rate, composition and flow rate of fuel, and wind speed; to establish optimal operating conditions that maximize combustion efficiency and minimize pollutant emissions; and to set the operating envelope outside of which flares should not be operated.

CanmetENERGY's collaborative program on flare testing and development addresses the concerns of flare suppliers, industrial flare operators, and federal and provincial regulatory bodies concerning the most cost effective, safe, and environmentally responsible disposal of waste gases. Quantifying the performance of flares under various operating conditions identifies environmental concerns and leads to important R&D on reducing harmful emissions.

For more information on flaring, the Flare Test Facility, or the International Flaring Consortium, please visit our publications section or contact us.

جزوه LNG دکتر وطنی

لینک2

لینک1

 

what is flaring?

Advantages of Liquid Seal

The Liquid Seal is simple mechanical device can be designed *

   for  very low back pressure i.e. 1.4 PSIA to 14 PSIA

The Liquid Seal will break within second on process upsets.

It’s simple design will be possible for any size of gas flaring.

It does not need any sophisticated instrumentation.

The Liquid Seal would need water available at process Plant

 

Flare Monitoring and Control at Petroleum Refineries

Background

Flare systems are designed to provide for the safe disposal of hydrocarbons that are either automatically vented or manually drawn from process units at refineries.  Hydrocarbons must be controlled in a safe and effective manner in the event of an operational upset.  Flare systems gather vented gases and combust them to prevent release directly into the atmosphere. 

Flare emissions are difficult to characterize and can be dependent on a number of factors such as volumetric flow, velocity, vent gas composition, energy content, combustion efficiency, and ambient wind conditions.  'Vent gas' is defined as any gas directed to a flare, excluding assisting air or steam, pilot or continuous purge gas.  Vent gas flow rates to the flare are measured by in-pipe monitors prior to combustion.  These vent gas flow rates do not represent a direct measurement of emissions from flares. 

Two flare Regulations have been adopted by the District since 2003. The District Board of Directors adopted Regulation 12, Rule 11, Flare Monitoring at Petroleum Refineries, on June 4, 2003; Regulation 12, Rule 12, Flares at Petroleum Refineries, was adopted on July 20, 2005 and amended April 5, 2006.

Regulation 12, Rule 11, Flare Monitoring at Petroleum Refineries

The purpose of this rule is to require monitoring and recording of emission data for flares at petroleum refineries.  It requires operators of flares at petroleum refineries to monitor the gases directed to the flare and submit a monthly report containing: 1) the total daily and monthly volumetric flow of the vent, pilot and purge gas, 2) the hourly average molecular weight of the vent gas, 3) composition of vent gas from required sampling, 4) calculated daily and monthly methane, non-methane and sulfur dioxide emissions, and 5) archive images of the flare.

Click here to view Regulation 12-11 Flare Monitoring Data Submittals since 2004.

Regulation 12, Rule 12, Flares at Petroleum Refineries

The purpose of this rule is to reduce emissions from flares at petroleum refineries by minimizing the frequency and magnitude of flaring. 

Notification of Flaring: Refinery owners or operators must notify the District as soon as possible, consistent with safe operation of the refinery, if the volume of vent gas flared exceeds 500,000 standard cubic feet (SCF) or 500 lbs. of sulfur in a calendar day.

Flare Minimization Plans: Flaring is prohibited unless it is consistent with an approved 'Flare Minimization Plan' (FMP).  FMPs shall include, in part: 1) a detailed description and technical information for each flare, 2) A description of the equipment or procedures implemented within the last five years or planned to reduce flaring, and 3) a description of prevention measures needed to perform certain refinery activities without flaring.

The District conducted public meetings near each refinery to review FMPs and receive public comments.  Click here to view the public meeting notice.

On July 16, 2007, following substantial public input, the District approved the FMPs for all five Bay Area refineries.

Click here to view public comments and approved FMPs.

حمل مخازن مربوط به پروژه فلر پتروشيمي جم

حمل مخازن مربوط به پروژه فلر پتروشيمي جم

بخشي از پروژه فلر پتروشيمي جم شامل مخازن Knock Out Drum- 991 و Knock Out Drum-992 در تاريخ سوم اسفند ماه جاري بارگيري و به محل نصب پروژه فلر در پتروشيمي جم واقع در منطقه ويژه اقتصادي پارس (عسلويه) حمل شد . مشخصات مخازن مذكور 5متر قطر  با عدسي كروي , 17 مترطول  و60 تن وزن اعلام شده است , طراحي وساخت اين تجهيزات بدليل شرايط كاركرد در دماي طراحي منهاي 51 درجه سانتي گراد  و نوع مواد مصرفي (LTCS) و ابعاد مخازن در نوع خود از ويژگي خاص برخوردار هستند .

نرم افزار Flare QRA

Flare QRA

 

Changes to a flare header system can run in the millions. Flare QRA systematically evaluates the risk associated with relief headers and flare systems and helps reduce the costs associated with the perceived need to retrofit existing headers or construct new ones.

While PPM® includes baseline flare calculations and can provide a worst-case estimate of the safety of a multiple unit header system, Flare QRA delivers a more realistic analysis of scenarios involving multiple units.

Flare QRA uses data from the PPM® database, standard statistical analysis and Monte Carlo methodology to provide an objective assessment of the risk associated with multiple releases to relief header and flare systems (global scenarios). This is accomplished by accounting for existing layers of protection in the facility that would serve to reduce or eliminate relief loads, as well as the expected frequency of the global scenario.

Applications:

• Installation of additional processing units that are routed to an existing relief header and flare system
• Implementation of debottlenecking projects or increased plant throughputs
• Routing one relief header to another flare to facilitate flare maintenance
• Identification of “new” global scenarios based on plant experience

Key features:

• Systematic evaluation of all layers of protection present to reduce relief loads
• Accounts for expected frequency of global scenarios
• Provides direct link between relief scenario and vessel overpressure
• Applicable to relief header hydraulics, flare radiation, and liquid separation equipment
• Evaluation of risk associated with individual equipment/relief header system as a whole
• Relational database structure facilitates maintenance of the model

 

John Zink Adsorption/Absorption Vapor Recovery System

Process Diagram

The John Zink^® Adsorption/Absorption Vapor Recovery System design can be widely applied, however, it is most commonly used to control hydrocarbon vapor emissions at terminals handling petroleum fuel products, such as gasoline bulk terminals.

How it Works

In this most common configuration, the unit is equipped with two, identical adsorbers, each filled with activated carbon. One adsorber vessel is on-stream in the adsorption mode while the other is off-stream in the regeneration mode. Switching valves automatically alternate the adsorbers between adsorption and regeneration. One adsorber is always on-stream to assure uninterrupted vapor processing capability.

To process the hydrocarbon vapor-air mixture, the mixture first flows up through the on-stream adsorber vessel. There, the activated carbon adsorbs the hydrocarbon vapor, so clean air vents from the bed with minimal hydrocarbon content.

Simultaneously, the second adsorber is being regenerated off-line. The carbon bed regeneration uses a combination of high vacuum and purge air stripping to remove previously adsorbed hydrocarbon vapor from the carbon and restore the carbon's ability to adsorb vapor during the next cycle. The liquid ring vacuum pump extracts concentrated hydrocarbon vapor from the carbon bed and discharges it into a three phase separator that separates the vacuum pump seal fluid, the hydrocarbon condensate and the non-condensed hydrocarbon/air vapors.

The seal fluid is pumped from the separator through a seal fluid cooler to remove the heat of compression from the seal fluid. The seal fluid is then returned to the liquid ring pump. In some applications, such as chlorinated hydrocarbon vapor recovery, other types of vacuum generators can be substituted for the standard liquid ring pump to avoid incompatibility of the vapor with the seal fluid required by the liquid ring pump.

Next, hydrocarbon vapor and condensate flow from the separator to an absorber column section that functions as the final recovery device. The hydrocarbon vapor flows up through the absorber packing where it is subsequently recovered by absorption into a liquid hydrocarbon absorbent. The circulating absorbent supplied from storage serves the dual purpose of absorbing the recovered hydrocarbon vapor and cooling the vacuum pump seal fluid. This absorbent is normally the same hydrocarbon liquid that was the original source of the vapor generation. For example, gasoline product from a storage tank is the absorbent fluid in gasoline vapor control applications. The recovered product is simply returned along with the circulating gasoline back to the product storage tank.

A lean absorbent supply pump and a rich absorbent return pump are provided with the ADAB system to circulate the required absorbent. A small stream of air and residual vapor exits the top of the absorber column and is recycled to the on stream carbon bed where the residual hydrocarbon vapor is re-adsorbed.

 

اجزاء یک بیو گاز فلر ساخت شرکت جان زینک

Inlet Flame Arrestor

The John Zink^® landfill/wastewater flare systems are designed to meet a high level of operational safety. Installed at the flare waste gas inlet, an in-line flame arrester stops flames from entering the gas piping system in the event of an operational malfunction. Our flame arrester features an aluminum housing, housing drain and removable aluminum internals. The internal elements can be easily removed and cleaned while leaving the flame arrestor body in place.

Automatic Block Valve

John Zink's automatic block valve assembly consists of a high performance butterfly valve and fail-closed pneumatic actuator. The pneumatic actuator includes a three-way solenoid valve, speed control valve, position indicator and auxiliary switches. The ANSI 150-lb high-performance butterfly valve has a carbon steel wafer body, 316 stainless steel disk, stainless steel shaft, and PTFE seal material.

ZMS Moisture Separator

Our ZMS moisture separator features HDPE (high density polyethylene) or internal coated carbon steel, flanged inlet and outlet, drain connection, level gauge, stainless steel demister element for moisture collection, differential pressure gauge around the demister element, and a flanged top for accessibility and maintenance.

Flow Meter

Insertion mass flow meter assembly with 316 stainless steel probe for 1-in. NPT mounting.

Chart Recorder

Install a panel-mounted Honeywell model DR4500T Digital Circular Chart Recorder on your system. The circular chart recorder is microprocessor based and draws the chart on paper as data is recorded. Users can design the chart to match specific applications. The recorder has flow totalization capabilities, an output display screen, and two inputs (four input options available) receiving 4 to 20 mA signals. With this option, the Honeywell controller includes an optional output signal allowing the recorder and controller to read the same temperature from the thermocouple.

Automatic Telephone Dialer

In the event of an alarm condition our panel-mounted, voice programmable automatic dialer with four digital inputs and a rechargeable battery reserve is able to dial multiple telephone numbers for instant notification of problems or operating conditions.

Access Ladder

The galvanized, safety ladder provides access to thermocouples. Equipment includes a ladder, safety rails, two safety belts and personnel protection screening behind the ladder and around the thermocouple ports. A lockable gate is also available.

Service Platform

Zink's 150° service platform, designed per OSHA requirements, provides access to stack sample ports. A continuous band of personnel protection screening around the sample ports is included with this option.

Hinged Damper

For easy access to the bottom of the flare stack for inspection and maintenance of the burners specify that one of the manual dampers be hinged.

Control Panel Weather Hood

The fabricated steel hood is designed to limit control panel exposure to the elements. The hood provides approximately 4 ft of overhang to the front and 2 ft to the rear. The hood comes with a fluorescent light assembly for enhanced visibility of the panel components at night.

Industrial Surface Finish

Apply a coat of Sherwin Williams Kem^® High Temperature, aluminum top coat, coated 1 to 2 mils DFT over the standard Sherwin Williams Zinc Clad II primer to provide an enhanced finish with superior corrosion protection up to 750° F.

Flare Foundation Template

Zink's enclosed-flare base ring foundation template is constructed of 1/4-in. carbon steel plate to assist in setting and installing the anchor bolts in the field. The template is shipped prior to the flare, so that it can be used at the time the flare foundation is formed.

Methane Analyzer

The microprocessor based analyzer uses dual wavelength, non-dispersive infrared absorption to detect total percent volume methane. The unit is field configurable with a 4 to 20 mA output signal.

Oxygen Analyzer

The microprocessor based analyzer uses a micro fuel cell for percent oxygen detection. System shutdown occurs if high oxygen concentrations are detected in the waste gas stream. The unit is field configurable with a 4 to 20 mA output signal.

Combination Methane and Oxygen Analyzer

The combined package provides continuous measurement of percent oxygen and total volume percent methane. Methane detection occurs with a microprocessor based analyzer utilizing dual wavelength, non-dispersive infrared absorption. Oxygen detection occurs with a microprocessor based analyzer utilizing a micro fuel cell. The unit is field configurable and with 4 to 20 mA output signals.

Underwriters Laboratories Classification

John Zink Company is dedicated to ensuring the highest level of quality and safety standards in its products. This performance level is reflected in all products and provides the opportunity to apply the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listing symbol for Industrial Control Panels on motor starters and a UL classification symbol on Flare Control Panels. This option is provided for applications requiring UL Certification.

Biogas Flaring Technology

 

With more than 650 biogas flare installations and hundreds of patents to our name, its no wonder John Zink Company is the industry leader in advanced flaring systems. John Zink offers one of the largest, most experienced technical staffs in the industry.

Coanda Flares

Next-generation technology — today

John Zink Company applies the Coanda Effect to its Kaldair^® flare systems for a whole new dimension in ultra-clean, ultra-efficient flaring and outstanding performance. The Coanda effect is a gas-adhesion principle that dramatically enhances the combustion process, resulting in maximum destruction of waste gases.

Here's how it works.

The Coanda Effect proves that a gas jet passed over a carefully profiled, curved surface will adhere to that surface, creating a near vacuum that pulls in substantial amounts of air. The air turbulently mixes with the gas flow, resulting in high-efficient combustion. John Zink applies the Coanda Effect to its Kaldair flare tip designs to harness the natural energy in relief gases, which eliminates operator need for additional system components.

Coanda Flares

• Kaldair Multipoint Indair™ (KMI™) - Uses multiple, small-diameter variable slot tulip-shaped flares to provide a rugged design for low-radiation, 100% smokeless flaring.
• Kaldair Indair™ - Proven technology provides smokeless, low radiation flaring of high-pressure gases for single-point flares.
• Kaldair Mardair™ - Provides ultra-low radiation flaring of high-pressure gases with reduced noise and a short flame length.
• Kaldair Condair™ - Smokeless, low radiation flaring of liquid hydrocarbons in a mixed phase flare burner.
• Kaldair Stedair™ - Uses the unique Coanda-based steam injection system for smokeless flaring, high-steam efficiency, low noise and ultra-long tip life.

 

Flare Accessories

Flare Pilots - Designed to stay lit in extreme wind and rain, and eliminate re-ignition delays.

• WindPROOF™ InstaFire™ Pilot - Stands up to the most severe winds and rain with outstanding performance. The patented technology protects against wind and rain. Exceptional fuel efficiency and flexibility, and ultra-low maintenance.
• JZ EEP-500 - Long-lasting pilot offers excellent ignition stability - even in sub-zero climates. Patented windshield technology protects against wind and rain.

Control Systems - John Zink offers a range of flare control and ignition control systems to keep flares operating safely and reliably.

• Flare Control Systems
  • JZ ZOOM™ - Monitors the flare for smoke and instantly adjusts steam levels to return the flare to smokeless operation.
• Ignition Control Systems
  • Flame front generators - Reliable, remote ignition of flare pilots. Alarm light and contacts for remote alarm systems included.
  • ZEUS™ electric ignition device - Produces a high-energy discharge to instantly ignite the flare pilot.
  • KALDAIR KEP-100 - Uses a high-voltage direct spark ignition in the pilot nozzle. Flame ionization automatically detects and re-ignites the pilot flame in less than 30 seconds.

Pilot Monitors - Ensures your flare pilot stays safely lit in remote and hard-to-access locations during the most intense wind, rain and snow.

• JZ SoundPROOF^® - The definitive pilot-monitoring tool. The patented SoundProof uses an acoustic sensor to provide rapid, continuous and reliable pilot verification, even under intense weather conditions.
• KALDAIR KEP-100 - Uses flame ionization for continuous flame monitoring. The system automatically detects and re-ignites the pilot flame in less than 30 seconds.
• JZ PilotEye2000™ - Uses infrared technology to provide fast, reliable pilot verification at grade. Forty times more sensitive than single wavelength detectors.
• Retractable thermocouple - Allows operators to safely access thermocouples at grade while the flame remains in operation.

Purge reduction seals - Minimize the purge gas required to prevent air infiltration and ensure the safety of your relief system.

Radiation fencing - Rugged design shields plant personnel from a ground flare's radiation, noise and flame visibility while allowing proper combustion airflow to the ground flare burners.

Liquid Seals and Knock-Out Drums - Engineered for safety, the liquid seal protects the flare header from air infiltration; and the knock-out drum collects liquids before they enter the flare system.

Ground Flares

Principal Applications

• Petroleum refining
• Chemical processing
• Oil and gas production
• Petroleum marketing
• Landfill and wastewater

• JZ LRGO - Multi-point flare system uses the energy in flared gas to achieve clean, economical combustion without steam or gas assist. Short flames allow use of a radiation fence to minimize radiation and visible flame.
• Kaldair KMI - Uses multiple, small-diameter, variable slot tulip-shaped flares to provide a rugged design for low-radiation, 100% smokeless flaring with infinite turndown and short flames.

Steam-Assisted Flares

Principal Applications

• Petroleum refining
• Petrochemical processing
• Chemical processing
• Primary metals
• Food processing

• JZ Steamizer - A true workhorse. Delivers predictable, guaranteed performance, smokeless combustion and lower operating costs by optimizing steam/air/hydrocarbon gas mixing.
• JZ QS - Single-point flare tip for smokeless operation where moderate noise levels are acceptable.
• JZ SKEC - Multi-point flare system utilizes low-pressure steam for smokeless combustion. Lowest steam-to-hydrocarbon ratio of any flare system available. Lower radiation and smokeless capacities than single-point systems.
• Kaldair Stedair - Flare tip uses the unique Coanda-based steam injection system for smokeless flaring, high-steam efficiency, low noise and ultra-long tip life.
• JZ Halo - Single-point smokeless flare tip uses 30% less steam than conventional steam-assisted flares.

 

Gas-Assisted Flares

Principal Applications

• Refining and petrochemical processing
• Oil and gas production
• Acid gas flares
• Ammonia flares
• Low BTU flares

• JZ Rim-Fire - Single-point flare tip for combustion of very low Btu content waste gas.
• JZ Halo II - Single-point flare tip incorporates a molecular seal to reduce system cost.
• JZ G - Single-point flare tip for smokeless burning of waste gases where steam is not available to suppress smoke.
• JZ KEC - Multi-point flare system for smokeless combustion and very low radiation levels.
• Kaldair Gazdair - Smokeless flaring where stable burning and high-combustion efficiencies of low Btu gas is required or whenever steam or air is not available.

 

Liquid Flares

 

liquid flares eliminate the logistical headaches of shipping, trucking and storage, especially in hard-to-access locations on land, water and in arctic environments. We also developed our liquid flares with the clean flaring advantages our customers expect, including minimum smoke, low radiation and low noise, and unique features for handling a wide variety of viscous fluids at high rates.

Principal Applications

• Well testing
• Oil and gas production
• Drilling
• Petroleum disposal
• Chemical processing

• JZ OWB - Clean-burning technology and maximum portability to burn large volumes of oil.
• JZ Dragon - Air-assisted technology designed for smokeless flaring in special applications.
• Kaldair Condair - Uses a Coanda-based flare tip for efficient combustion and outstanding clean-flaring of mixed-phase fluids

 

 

 

 

 

 

Air-Assisted Flares

Principal Applications

• Petroleum refining
• Chemical processing
• Pipeline transportation
• Oil and gas production
• Cold-weather environments
• Facilities without available steam

 دانلود جزئیات

High-Pressure Flares

Principal Applications

• Oil and gas production
• Gas compression
• Chemical processing
• Pipeline transportation

 

معرفی تولیدات شرکت جانزیک

Ethylene Application Burners

The world's ethylene plants rely on John Zink Company for the low and ultra-low emission JZ® burner solutions that enhance production efficiency and reduce emissions.

John Zink maintains an indelible presence in ethylene operations across the globe. Our expertise in the petrochemical industry is a result of our relentless problem solving, extensive research and development, and a mission to develop advanced combustion technologies that help our customers operate cleaner and more economically.

Learn which JZ® burner system is right for your ethylene application from the list below then contact a John Zink burner expert for more information.

Flat-Hearth Burners | Radiant Wall Burners | Round Flame Hearth Burners | Combination)

 

 

فلر تیپ القایی گاز

انواع فلرها

Vent & Blowdown Silencers

تاسیسات بازیابی گازفلر

 

فلرتیپ صوتی

فلرتیپ القایی بخار

گودال آتش تک مشعل

مشعلهای ماتریسی گودال آتش

چند عکس از تجهیزات جانبی    :

 

 

 

فلرماتریسی بلند

فلرهای ماتریسی زمینی

اجزای یک فلر بلند

فکر کنم سیستم فلرینگ پتروشیمی فن آوری به شکل زیر درآید...

فلر خط لوله

فلرسیار

فلر سیار

طرحی از یک فلر بلند

نمایی از یک فلر بلند

فلرینگ چه پیامدهایی را بر گرم شدن زمین خواهد داشت؟

نمونه ای از واحد بازیابی گازهای فلر

سنسورینگ به منظور کاهش دود فلرینگ

آتش چه کاربردهایی درصنعت دارد..؟

 

 

 

 

طراحی مطمئن فلر

SAFE FLARE SYSTEM DESIGN

مخزن نشت بندی فلر